相信大多學習了 Mysql 資料庫語言的同學都會上網找練習來練手,而大部分的人肯定知道有一篇 Mysql 經典練習題50題的帖子,上面的題目基本上涵蓋了 Mysql 查詢語句的關鍵知識點。
筆者近期對又將這 50 題進行了練習,同時整理了相關的參考答案,有自己的思路和方法,也有參考大神們的。不得不說,這50題對SQL的提升真的很有幫助!
筆者使用的 MySQL 版本 是 MySQL 5.7.28 。
鑑於 50 題篇幅太長,本文只展示了其中10題及筆者的思考,50 題完整版練習題以及筆者的答案實踐已整理在pdf檔案中,共有100多頁,在文末提供獲取的方法。
建表和插入資料
在開始之前,先建立本文所需要的資料表格:
-- 建表
-- 學生表
CREATE TABLE `Student`(
`s_id` VARCHAR(20),
`s_name` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`s_birth` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`s_sex` VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
PRIMARY KEY(`s_id`)
);
-- 課程表
CREATE TABLE `Course`(
`c_id` VARCHAR(20),
`c_name` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`t_id` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(`c_id`)
);
-- 教師表
CREATE TABLE `Teacher`(
`t_id` VARCHAR(20),
`t_name` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
PRIMARY KEY(`t_id`)
);
-- 成績表
CREATE TABLE `Score`(
`s_id` VARCHAR(20),
`c_id` VARCHAR(20),
`s_score` INT(3),
PRIMARY KEY(`s_id`,`c_id`)
);
-- 插入學生表測試資料
insert into Student values('01' , '趙雷' , '1990-01-01' , '男');
insert into Student values('02' , '錢電' , '1990-12-21' , '男');
insert into Student values('03' , '孫風' , '1990-05-20' , '男');
insert into Student values('04' , '李雲' , '1990-08-06' , '男');
insert into Student values('05' , '周梅' , '1991-12-01' , '女');
insert into Student values('06' , '吳蘭' , '1992-03-01' , '女');
insert into Student values('07' , '鄭竹' , '1989-07-01' , '女');
insert into Student values('08' , '王菊' , '1990-01-20' , '女');-- 課程表測試資料
insert into Course values('01' , '語文' , '02');
insert into Course values('02' , '數學' , '01');
insert into Course values('03' , '英語' , '03');
-- 教師表測試資料
insert into Teacher values('01' , '張三');
insert into Teacher values('02' , '李四');
insert into Teacher values('03' , '王五');
-- 成績表測試資料
insert into Score values('01' , '01' , 80);
insert into Score values('01' , '02' , 90);
insert into Score values('01' , '03' , 99);
insert into Score values('02' , '01' , 70);
insert into Score values('02' , '02' , 60);
insert into Score values('02' , '03' , 80);
insert into Score values('03' , '01' , 80);
insert into Score values('03' , '02' , 80);
insert into Score values('03' , '03' , 80);
insert into Score values('04' , '01' , 50);
insert into Score values('04' , '02' , 30);
insert into Score values('04' , '03' , 20);
insert into Score values('05' , '01' , 76);
insert into Score values('05' , '02' , 87);
insert into Score values('06' , '01' , 31);
insert into Score values('06' , '03' , 34);
insert into Score values('07' , '02' , 89);
insert into Score values('07' , '03' , 98);
題目1
題目要求
查詢”01"課程比”02"課程成績高的學生的資訊及課程分數
SQL實現
-- 方法1
select
a.*
,b.s_score as 1_score
,c.s_score as 2_score
from Student a
join Score b on a.s_id = b.s_id and b.c_id = '01' -- 方法1兩個表透過學號連線,指定01
left join Score c on a.s_id = c.s_id and c.c_id='02' or c.c_id is NULL -- 指定02,或者c中的c_id直接不存在
-- 為NULL的條件可以不存在,因為左連線中會直接排除c表中不存在的資料,包含NULL
where b.s_score > c.s_score; -- 判斷條件
-- 方法2:直接使用where語句
select
a.*
,b.s_score as 1_score
,c.s_score as 2_score
from Student a, Score b, Score c
where a.s_id=b.s_id -- 列出全部的條件
and a.s_id=c.s_id
and b.c_id='01'
and c.c_id='02'
and b.s_score > c.s_score; -- 前者成績高
第二種方法實現:
題目2
題目要求
查詢”01"課程比”02"課程成績低的學生的資訊及課程分數(題目1是成績高)
SQL實現
類比題目1的實現過程
-- 方法1:透過連線方式實現
select
a.*
,b.s_score as 1_score
,c.s_score as 2_score
from Student a
left join Score b on a.s_id=b.s_id and b.c_id='01' or b.c_id=NULL -- 包含NULL的資料
join score c on a.s_id=c.s_id and c.c_id='02'
where b.s_score < c.s_score;
-- 透過where子句實現
select
a.*
,b.s_score as 1_score
,c.s_score as 2_score
from Student a, Score b, Score c
where a.s_id=b.s_id
and a.s_id=c.s_id
and b.c_id='01'
and c.c_id='02'
and b.s_score < c.s_score; -- 前者比較小
題目3
題目需求
查詢平均成績大於等於60分的同學的學生編號和學生姓名和平均成績
SQL實現
-- 執行順序:先執行分組,再執行avg平均操作
select
b.s_id
,b.s_name
,round(avg(a.s_score), 2) as avg_score
from Student b
join Score a
on b.s_id = a.s_id
group by b.s_id -- 分組之後查詢每個人的平均成績
having avg_score >= 60;
-- 附加題:總分超過200分的同學
select
b.s_id
,b.s_name
,round(sum(a.s_score),2) as sum_score -- sum求和
from Student b
join Score a
on b.s_id=a.s_id
group by b.s_id
having sum_score > 200;
附加題:總分超過200分的同學
題目4
題目要求
查詢平均成績小於60分的同學的學生編號和學生姓名和平均成績(包括有成績的和無成績的)
SQL實現1-兩種情況連線
平均分小於60
select
b.s_id
,b.s_name
,round(avg(a.s_score), 2) as avg_score -- round四捨五入函式
from Student b
join Score a
on b.s_id = a.s_id
group by b.s_id -- 分組之後查詢每個人的平均成績
having avg_score < 60;
結果為:
沒有成績的同學:
select
a.s_id
,a.s_name
,0 as avg_score
from Student a
where a.s_id not in ( -- 學生的學號不在給給定表的學號中
select distinct s_id -- 查詢出全部的學號
from Score
);
最後將兩個部分的結果連起來即可:透過union方法
SQL實現2-ifnull函式判斷
使用ifnull函式
select
S.s_id
,S.s_name
,round(avg(ifnull(C.s_score,0)), 2) as avg_score -- ifnull 函数:第一个参数存在则取它本身,不存在取第二个值0
from Student S
left join Score C
on S.s_id = C.s_id
group by s_id
having avg_score < 60;
使用null判斷
select
a.s_id
,a.s_name
,ROUND(AVG(b.s_score), 2) as avg_score
from Student a
left join Score b on a.s_id = b.s_id
GROUP BY a.s_id
HAVING avg_score < 60 or avg_score is null; -- 最後的NULL判斷
題目5
題目需求
查詢所有同學的學生編號、學生姓名、選課總數、所有課程的總成績
SQL實現
select
a.s_id
,a.s_name
,count(b.c_id) as course_number -- 課程個數
,sum(b.s_score) as scores_sum -- 成績總和
from Student a
left join Score b
on a.s_id = b.s_id
group by a.s_id,a.s_name;
題目6
題目需求
查詢“李”姓老師的數量
SQL實現
select count(t_name) from Teacher where t_name like "李%"; -- 萬用字元
這題怕是最簡單的吧😭
題目7
題目需求
查詢學過張三老師授課的同學的資訊
SQL實現
-- 方法1:透過張三老師的課程的學生來查詢;自己的方法
select * -- 3. 透過學號找出全部學生資訊
from Student
where s_id in (
select s_id -- 2.透過課程找出對應的學號
from Score S
join Course C
on S.c_id = C.c_id -- 課程表和成績表
where C.t_id=(select t_id from Teacher where t_name="張三") -- 1.查詢張三老師的課程
);
-- 方法2:透過張三老師的課程來查詢
select s1.*
from Student s1
join Score s2
on s1.s_id=s2.s_id
where s2.c_id in (
select c_id from Course c where t_id=( -- 1. 透過老師找出其對應的課程
select t_id from Teacher t where t_name="張三"
)
)
-- 方法3
select s.* from Teacher t
left join Course c on t.t_id=c.t_id -- 教師表和課程表
left join Score sc on c.c_id=sc.c_id -- 課程表和成績表
left join Student s on s.s_id=sc.s_id -- 成績表和學生資訊表
where t.t_name='張三';
自己的方法:
方法2來實現:
方法3實現:
題目8
題目需求
找出沒有學過張三老師課程的學生
SQL實現
select * -- 3. 通过学号找出全部学生信息
from Student
where s_id not in ( -- 2.通过学号取反:学号不在张三老师授课的学生的学号中
select s_id
from Score S
join Course C
on S.c_id = C.c_id
where C.t_id=(select t_id from Teacher where t_name ="张三") -- 1.查询张三老师的课程
);
-- 方法2:
select *
from Student s1
where s1.s_id not in (
select s2.s_id from Student s2 join Score s3 on s2.s_id=s3.s_id where s3.c_id in(
select c.c_id from Course c join Teacher t on c.t_id=t.t_id where t_name="張三"
)
);
-- 方法3
select s1.*
from Student s1
join Score s2
on s1.s_id=s2.s_id
where s2.c_id not in (
select c_id from Course c where t_id=( -- 1. 透過老師找出其對應的課程
select t_id from Teacher t where t_name="張三"
)
);
方法2:
題目9
題目需求
查詢學過編號為01,並且學過編號為02課程的學生資訊
SQL實現
-- 自己的方法:透過自連線實現
select s1.*
from Student s1
where s_id in (
select s2.s_id from Score s2
join Score s3
on s2.s_id=s3.s_id
where s2.c_id='01' and s3.c_id='02'
);
-- 方法2:直接透過where語句實現
select s1.*
from Student s1, Score s2, Score s3
where s1.s_id=s2.s_id
and s1.s_id=s3.s_id
and s2.c_id=01 and s3.c_id=02;
-- 方法3:兩個子查詢
-- 1. 先查出學號
select sc1.s_id
from (select * from Score s1 where s1.c_id='01') sc1,
(select * from Score s1 where s1.c_id='02') sc2
where sc1.s_id=sc2.s_id;
-- 2.找出學生資訊
select *
from Student
where s_id in (select sc1.s_id -- 指定學號是符合要求的
from (select * from Score s1 where s1.c_id='01') sc1,
(select * from Score s1 where s1.c_id='02') sc2
where sc1.s_id=sc2.s_id);
先從Score表中看看哪些人是滿足要求的:01–05同學是滿足的
透過自連線查詢的語句如下:
查詢出學號後再匹配出學生資訊:
透過where語句實現:
方法3的實現:
題目10
題目需求
查詢學過01課程,但是沒有學過02課程的學生資訊(注意和上面👆題目的區別)
SQL實現
首先看看哪些同學是滿足要求的:只有06號同學是滿足的
錯誤思路1
直接將上面一題的結果全部排出,導致那些沒有學過01課程的學生也出現了:07,08
select s1.*
from Student s1
where s_id not in ( -- 直接將上面一題的結果全部排出,導致那些沒有學過01課程的學生也出現了:07,08
select s2.s_id from Score s2
join Score s3
on s2.s_id=s3.s_id
where s2.c_id='01' and s3.c_id ='02'
);
錯誤思路2
將上面題目中的02課程直接取反,導致同時修過01,02,03或者只修01,03的同學也會出現
select s1.*
from Student s1
where s_id in (
select s2.s_id from Score s2
join Score s3
on s2.s_id=s3.s_id
where s2.c_id='01' and s3.c_id !='02' -- 直接取反是不行的,因為修改(01,02,03)的同學也會出現
);
正確思路:https://www.jianshu.com/p/9abffdd334fa
-- 方法1:根據兩種修課情況來判斷
select s1.*
from Student s1
where s1.s_id in (select s_id from Score where c_id='01') -- 修過01課程,要保留
and s1.s_id not in (select s_id from Score where c_id='02'); -- 哪些人修過02,需要排除
!!!!!方法2:先把06號學生找出來
select * from Student where s_id in (
select s_id
from Score
where c_id='01' -- 修過01課程的學號
and s_id not in (select s_id -- 同時學號不能在修過02課程中出現
from Score
where c_id='02')
);
鑑於篇幅,本文只展示了50題中的10道題的答案以及筆者的實踐心得。為方便大家練習,各位也可以關注我的Facebook,評論區回覆 “SQL50”獲取完整的MySQL經典50題及筆者實踐的答案。
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